The Palacio Real de Madrid is the official residence of the Spanish Crown and, at roughly 135,000 square metres of floor area and some 3,418 rooms, the largest functioning royal palace in Europe. The Spanish royal family does not live here — they reside at the smaller Palacio de la Zarzuela on the city's outskirts — but the palace is still used for state ceremonies, royal audiences and official banquets, and large parts of it are open to the public as a historic-art museum.
The palace stands on the site of the old Alcázar of Madrid, the Habsburg fortress-palace that burned to the ground on Christmas Eve 1734. Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, ordered a new palace in the modern French-Italian taste. The Sicilian architect Filippo Juvarra drew the first grand design before his death in 1736; his pupil Giovanni Battista Sacchetti realised the built palace between 1738 and 1755, and Francesco Sabatini later added wings and the monumental staircase. Charles III became the first monarch to take up residence, in 1764.
The state apartments are a catalogue of eighteenth-century court art. The Grand Staircase by Sabatini rises beneath a ceiling fresco by Corrado Giaquinto. The Throne Room (Salón del Trono) keeps its original 1760s decoration intact, crowned by Giambattista Tiepolo's ceiling fresco The Apotheosis of the Spanish Monarchy (1764) and lined with crimson velvet, rock-crystal chandeliers from Venice and bronze lions. The Gasparini Room, the Hall of Mirrors, the Royal Chapel and the Porcelain Room each preserve a complete period interior; the walls carry works by Caravaggio, Velázquez, Goya, Tiepolo and Mengs.
Two collections within the palace are world-class in their own right. The Royal Armoury (Real Armería) holds one of the finest collections of arms and armour in the world, including the parade and battle armour of Charles V and Philip II. The Royal Pharmacy (Real Farmacia) preserves a complete court apothecary of jars, stills and recipe books. The palace also keeps the 'Palatine' Stradivarius — a rare decorated set of string instruments by Antonio Stradivari, assembled for the Spanish court and still occasionally played.